Hello again,
Since the installation of update 80234 this issue has reoccurred.
I have gone through the same testing that I did originally when I first posted about this problem, and I am getting the same result.
I place a PC into an AD group, which is targeted by a software installation configuration. I wait 90 minutes and the software has not deployed, despite being set to deploy on startup or refresh. I check the targets listed in the configuration, and it doesn't list the computer. I modify the configuration, and make no changes to it, just press the deploy button, and now it shows the correct target PC which is a member of the AD group.
So the original problem is occurring again; Desktop Central is not detecting changes to Active Directory group membership since the update to 80234, even though the Desktop Central settings have not been altered.